¹ Assistant Professor, Michigan State University (MSU) College of Law; Director, MSU Indigenous Law and Policy Center; Appellate Judge, Hoopa Valley Tribe, Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, and Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians; Enrolled Member, Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians.

² Assistant General Counsel and Enrolled Member, Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians. We thank John Petoskey, Mike Petoskey, and Wenona Singel for their encouragement (and outright shock that we would attempt something like this).

³ See Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Office of the United States Attorney for the W. Dist. of Mich., 369 F.3d 960, 961-62 & n.2 (6th Cir. 2004); Matthew L.M. Fletcher, Politics, History, and Semantics: The Federal Recognition of Indian Tribes, 82 N.D. L. REV. 487, 504-08 (2006).

⁴ See GEORGE WEEKS, MEM-KA-WEH: DAWNING OF THE GRAND TRAVERSE BAND OF OTTAWA AND CHIPPEWA INDIANS 13-15 (1992).

⁵ See Determination for Federal Acknowledgment of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians as an Indian Tribe, 45 Fed. Reg. 19,321 (Mar. 25, 1980).

⁶ See Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Office of the United States Attorney for the W. Dist. of Mich., 369 F.3d 960 at 962.

⁷ See GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XVII.

⁸ See Michael D. Petoskey, Tribal Courts, 67 MICH. B. J. 366, 368-69 (1988).

⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 1.

¹⁰ See generally Nancy A. Costello, Walking Together in a Good Way: Indian Peacemaker Courts in Michigan, 76 U. DET. MERCY L. REV. 875 (1999).

¹¹ See Petoskey, supra note 6, at 369.

¹² Cf. In re Adams, 133 B.R. 191 (Bankr. W.D. Mich. 1991).

¹³ See Hon. Michael F. Cavanagh, Michigan’s Story: State and Tribal Courts Try to Do the Right Thing, 76 U. DET. MERCY L. REV. 709, 712-15 (1999).

¹⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 2.

¹⁵ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994); Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Comer, No. 02-09-1351 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 25, 2003).

¹⁶ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

¹⁷ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

¹⁸ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Napont, No. 2005-162-CV-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 17, 2006).

¹⁹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁰ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

²¹ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996); Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000).

²² Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000).

²³ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994); Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000).

²⁴ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994).

²⁵ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

²⁶ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

²⁷ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

²⁸ Id.

²⁹ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

³⁰ Id.

³¹ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Napont, No. 2005-162-CV-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 17, 2006); Mitchell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 04-03-223-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 17, 2004).

³² Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Comer, No. 02-09-1351 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 25, 2003).

³³ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Entity, No. 98-07-238-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 14, 1998).

³⁴ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Sept. 15, 2004).

³⁵ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth. v. Yannett, No. 93-12-036-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994).

³⁶ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

³⁷ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

³⁸ Id.

³⁹ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Entity, No. 98-07-238-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 14, 1998).

⁴⁰ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Determination for Federal Acknowledgment of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians as an Indian Tribe, 45 Fed. Reg. 19,321 (Mar. 25, 1980).

⁴¹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. VI, §§ 1(e), 1(o), 2 (1978); Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), aff’g No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁴² Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Determination for Federal Acknowledgment of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians as an Indian Tribe, 45 Fed. Reg. 19,321 (Mar. 25, 1980).

⁴³ In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

⁴⁴ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁴⁵ In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

⁴⁶ Id.

⁴⁷ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁴⁸ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁴⁹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁵⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. pmbl.; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁵¹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

⁵² Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

⁵³ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

⁵⁴ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁵⁵ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

⁵⁶ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁵⁷ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. arts. VII, VIII; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁵⁸ Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 23, 2001) (order)

⁵⁹ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁶⁰ In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 22, 1999).

⁶¹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 2; In re Russell, No. 96-03-025-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 2, 1996).

⁶² GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), aff’g No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁶³ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art IV; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁶⁴ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁶⁵ Id.

⁶⁶ Id.; Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

⁶⁷ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

⁶⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1(d); Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁶⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1(e); Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁷⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1(h); Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁷¹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. III, § 5(e)(1); Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), aff’g No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁷² GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, §§ 1(d), (e), (h); GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. pmbl., arts. I, XI; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁷³ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

⁷⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. IV, § 1; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁷⁵ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁷⁶ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Entity, No. 98-07-238-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 14, 1998).

⁷⁷ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 2; In re Russell, No. 96-03-025-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 2, 1996).

⁷⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XI; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁷⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XI; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁸⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XI; Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

⁸¹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

⁸² Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

⁸³ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

⁸⁴ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁸⁵ Id.

⁸⁶ Hueter v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Auth., No. 96-03-027-CV, (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Feb. 4, 1998).

⁸⁷ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

⁸⁸ Id.

⁸⁹ Id.

⁹⁰ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

⁹¹ Winstone v. Old Kent Bank—Grand Traverse, No. 98-04-127-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 11, 2000).

⁹² Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. C.H. Smith Co., Inc., No. 00-07-355-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 15, 2002).

⁹³ Id.

⁹⁴ People v. Chippewa, No. 91-06-026-CR (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 7, 1991).

⁹⁵ Id.

⁹⁶ People v. Anderson, No. 00-06-310-CR-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2001).

⁹⁷ Id.

⁹⁸ People v. Southbird, No. 01-12-765-CR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 31, 2002).

⁹⁹ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. C.H. Smith Co., Inc., No. 00-07-355-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 15, 2002).

¹⁰⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. III, § 5(a); Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

¹⁰¹ Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

¹⁰² Barrientoz v. Grand Traverse Band Election Bd., No. 2006-316-CV-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 12, 2006).

¹⁰³ Id.

¹⁰⁴ Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

¹⁰⁵ Id.

¹⁰⁶ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 89-03-001-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

¹⁰⁷ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. VII, § 5; Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

¹⁰⁸ Id.

¹⁰⁹ Id.

¹¹⁰ Barrientoz v. Grand Traverse Band Election Bd., No. 2006-316-CV-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 12, 2006).

¹¹¹ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

¹¹² Id.

¹¹³ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

¹¹⁴ TwoCrow v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 94-07-003-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 14, 2003).

¹¹⁵ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Diaz, No. 04-03-290-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 9, 2005).

¹¹⁶ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. X, § 1(h); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

¹¹⁷ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

¹¹⁸ Id.

¹¹⁹ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

¹²⁰ TwoCrow v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 94-07-003-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Sept. 15, 1996).

¹²¹ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

¹²² Id.

¹²³ Id.

¹²⁴ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Napont, No. 2005-162-CV-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan 17, 2006); Mitchell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 04-03-223-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 17, 2004).

¹²⁵ Stewart v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 02-01-784-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 2002).

¹²⁶ Mitchell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 04-03-223-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 17, 2004).

¹²⁷ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Sept. 15, 2004).

¹²⁸ Fall v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 03-07-560-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 25, 2004).

¹²⁹ In re D.D., No. 97-11-083-CV-DR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 1, 1998).

¹³⁰ 10 GTBC § 125(b); People v. Schocko, No. 97-06-003-ICW (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 1999).

¹³¹ 10 GTBC § 125(b)(6); People v. Schocko, No. 97-06-003-ICW (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 1999).

¹³² Id.

¹³³ In re K.C., No. 96-07-007-ICW (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Sept. 5, 1997), aff’d, In re C., [docket number not available], (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 12, 1999).

¹³⁴ Id.; People v. Schocko, No. 97-06-003-ICW (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 1999).

¹³⁵ In re C., [docket number not available], (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 12, 1999).

¹³⁶ In re Mullen, No. 94-07-004-PAT (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 6, 1996).

¹³⁷ Id.

¹³⁸ In re D.D., No. 97-11-083-CV-DR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 11, 1998).

¹³⁹ In re C., [docket number not available], (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App., Mar. 12, 1999).

¹⁴⁰ Id.

¹⁴¹ 10 GTBC § 102(b); Kathryn A. Ritcheske, Liability of Non-Indian Batterers in Indian Country: A Jurisdictional Analysis, 14 TEX. J. WOMEN & L. 201 (2005).

¹⁴² Denoyer v. Chambers, No. 00-06-312-CV-DIV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 19, 2001).

¹⁴³ Id.

¹⁴⁴ People v. Duhamel, No. 96-10-038-CCV (Grand Traverse Band Conservation Ct. Mar. 8, 1997).

¹⁴⁵ Id.

¹⁴⁶ People v. Raphael No. 00-03-131-CR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., June 23, 2000).

¹⁴⁷ 18 GTBC § 1605(k) (1999 & Supp. 2004) (amended by Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council Resolution No. 07-25.1742 on Jan. 17, 2007); Williams v. Martell, No. 95-11-146-CV-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 22, 1998), aff’d, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP.

¹⁴⁸ Williams v. Martell, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. March 21, 1998).

¹⁴⁹ 18 GTBC § 1605(k) (1999 & Supp. 2004) (amended by Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council Resolution No. 07-25.1742 on Jan. 17, 2007); In re Case, No. 96-01-001-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 1996); Williams v. Martell, No. 95-11-146-CV-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 22, 1998), aff’d, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. July 19, 1999).

¹⁵⁰ 18 GTBC § 1605(k) (1999 & Supp. 2004) (amended by Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council Resolution No. 07-25.1742 on Jan. 17, 2007); In re Case, No. 96-01-001-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 1996); Williams v. Martell, No. 95-11-146-CV-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 22, 1998), aff’d, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. July 19, 1999).

¹⁵¹ In re Case, No. 96-01-001-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 1996); Williams v. Martell, No. 95-11-146-CV-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 22, 1998), aff’d, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. July 19, 1999).

¹⁵² In re Case, No. 96-01-001-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 1996), as amended on reh’g, No. 96-01-001-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 25, 1996).

¹⁵³ Oceana County v. S.C., No. 01-03-120-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 27, 2001), aff’d, No. 02-03-772-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 14, 2002).

¹⁵⁴ 18 GTBC § 1605 (c); Oceana County v. S.C., No. 01-03-120-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 27, 2001), aff’d, No. 02-03-772-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 14, 2002).

¹⁵⁵ Oceana County v. S.C., No. 01-03-120-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 27, 2001), aff’d, No. 02-03-772-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 14, 2002).

¹⁵⁶ In re W., No. 2006-323-CV-MT (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 30, 2006).

¹⁵⁷ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Entity, No. 98-07-238-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 14, 1998).

¹⁵⁸ Id.

¹⁵⁹ Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Dept., No. 02-03-895-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr, 23, 2002).

¹⁶⁰ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth..v. Yannett, No. 93-12-36-CV-HA (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 18, 1994).

¹⁶¹ Antoine v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Dept./Auth., No. 01-02-034-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 28, 2001).

¹⁶² Id.

¹⁶³ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Dept. v. Crowley, No. 04-10-665-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 5, 2005).

¹⁶⁴ In re Raphael, No. 97-12-141-FJ-LC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 23, 1998).

¹⁶⁵ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND TRIBAL CT. R. Ch. 10; MICH. CT. R. 2.615 (2007); In re Raphael, No. 97-12-141-FJ-LC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 23, 1998).

¹⁶⁶ 18 GTBC § 1609 (1999 & Supp. 2004); In re Raphael, No. 97-12-141-FJ-LC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 23, 1998).

¹⁶⁷ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

¹⁶⁸ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁶⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. X, § 1(h); Antoine v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Dept./Auth. No. 01-02-034-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 28, 2001).

¹⁷⁰ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

¹⁷¹ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

¹⁷² Id.

¹⁷³ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

¹⁷⁴ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 20, 2001).

¹⁷⁵ Id.

¹⁷⁶ Bonacci v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-04-176-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 1, 2003); Fall v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 03-04-308-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2003).

¹⁷⁷ In re Lacroix, No. 00-00-613-SE (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 5, 2001).

¹⁷⁸ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 6, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁷⁹ Id.

¹⁸⁰ Id.; Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Leelanau Indians, Inc., No. 83-843 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 30, 1985).

¹⁸¹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Leelanau Indians, Inc. No. 83-843 (W.D. Mich. Jan. 30 1985).

¹⁸² Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁸³ Id.

¹⁸⁴ Id.

¹⁸⁵ Id.

¹⁸⁶ Id.

¹⁸⁷ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

¹⁸⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁸⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e), (h); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr, 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Antoine v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Dept./Auth., No. 01-02-034-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 28, 2001).

¹⁹¹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr, 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹² Id.

¹⁹³ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XIII, § 2 (c); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁵ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr.16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁶ Id.

¹⁹⁷ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

¹⁹⁹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁰⁰ Id.

²⁰¹ Id.

²⁰² Id.

²⁰³ Id.

²⁰⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art X, § 1(e); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁰⁵ De Young v. Southbird, No. 99-11-568-CV-SC (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. March 6, 2001).

²⁰⁶ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000); D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000); Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth., No. 01-06-375-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 12, 2002); Bonacci v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-04-176-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 1, 2003); Fall v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 03-04-308-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2003); Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-11-147-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 19, 2004); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 22, 2005).

²⁰⁷ D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000).

²⁰⁸ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001.

²⁰⁹ Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000); D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001).

²¹⁰ D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001).

²¹¹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²¹² Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000).

²¹³ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²¹⁴ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001; Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000); D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 22, 2005).

²¹⁵ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001; D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001).

²¹⁶ 6 GBTC § 104(a); Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000); Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

²¹⁷ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000).

²¹⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. VI, §§ 1(a), (c), (d), (e), (h), (i), (j), (m), (n), 2, and 3; GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XIII, § 1; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²¹⁹ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²²⁰ Id.

²²¹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art XIII, § 2(b); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²²² GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art XIII, § 2(b); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000); Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth., No. 01-06-375-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 12, 2002); Stewart v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 02-01-784-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 2002); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-11-147-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 19, 2004).

²²³ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²²⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art XIII, § 2(a); DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001; Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000); Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth., No. 01-06-375-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 12, 2002); Stewart v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 02-01-784-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 21, 2002).

²²⁵ Bonacci v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-04-176-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 1, 2003).

²²⁶ Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Oct. 23, 2002), aff’d, No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2003), overruled, Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 04-08-566-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006).

²²⁷ Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 04-08-566-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006).

²²⁸ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art XIII, § 2 (c); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000).

²²⁹ Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000).

²³⁰ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²³¹ D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 22, 2005).

²³² Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 23, 2002), aff’d, No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2003); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Jan. 22, 2005).

²³³ Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 04-08-566-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006).

²³⁴ Id.; Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-11-147-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 19, 2004); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Jan. 22, 2005).

²³⁵ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art XIII, § 2(a); DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001; Hawkins v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-04-148-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 7, 2000); Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000).

²³⁶ Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 23, 2002), aff’d, No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2003).

²³⁷ Hueter v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Auth., No. 96-03-027-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 4, 1998).

²³⁸ Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 04-08-566-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006).

²³⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XIII, § 1; D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000).

²⁴⁰ Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 12, 2000).

²⁴¹ Id.

²⁴² 2 GTBC §§ 203, 218, 266; Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 23, 2002), aff’d, No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2003).

²⁴³ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XIII, § 1; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994); Hueter v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Auth., No. 96-03-027-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 4, 1998).

²⁴⁴ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001.

²⁴⁵ Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 04-08-566-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Apr. 25, 2006).

²⁴⁶ D.F. Novak Construction Co., Inc. v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001).

²⁴⁷ Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., Jan. 22, 2005).

²⁴⁸ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001; Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000); Wilson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Hous. Auth., No. 01-06-375-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Mar. 12, 2002); Bonacci v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-04-176-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 1, 2003); Fall v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 03-04-308-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2003); Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-11-147-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 19, 2004).

²⁴⁹ Shananaquet v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Corp., No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 23, 2002), aff’d, No. 00-05-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 18, 2003).

²⁵⁰ 18 GTBC § 1614; DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, February 7, 2001, modified, August 27, 2001.

²⁵¹ Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 14, 2000); Fall v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 03-04-308-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 26, 2003).

²⁵² Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁵³ Id.

²⁵⁴ Id.; Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Leelanau Indians, Inc., No.G 83-834 (W.D. Mich., Jan 30, 1985); Determination for Federal Acknowledgment of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians as an Indian Tribe, 45 FED. REG. 19,321 (March 25, 1980).

²⁵⁵ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁵⁶ Id.

²⁵⁷ People v. Chippewa, No. 91-06-026-CR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 7, 1991); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

²⁵⁸ People v. Chippewa, No. 91-06-026-CR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 7, 1991).

²⁵⁹ Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 31, 1996).

²⁶⁰ People v. Anderson, No.00-06-310-CR-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 22, 2001).

²⁶¹ In re D.D., No. 97-11-083-CV-DR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 1, 1998).

²⁶² 14 GTBC § 6; Russell v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Election Bd., No. 00-03-108-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 8, 2000).

²⁶³ In re Case, No. 96-01-001-CV-PC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 21, 1996).

²⁶⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND TRIBAL CT. R. CH. 10; MICHIGAN CT. R. 2.615; In re Raphael, No. 97-12-141-FJ-LC (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 23, 1998).

²⁶⁵ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND TRIBAL CT. R. CH. 10; MICHIGAN CT. R. 2.615; Williams v. Martell, No. 95-11-146-CV-FJ (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 22, 1998), aff’d, 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. July 19, 1999).

²⁶⁶ In re Parnamc, No. 12-707-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 2000).

²⁶⁷ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²⁶⁸ Williams v. Martell, No. 97-01-001-CV-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. July 19, 1999).

²⁶⁹ Id.

²⁷⁰ Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁷¹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²⁷² Id.

²⁷³ Winstone v. Old Kent Bank—Grand Traverse, No. 98-04-127-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 11, 2000).

²⁷⁴ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XII, § 1; In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁷⁵ Id.

²⁷⁶ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁷⁷ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. VIII, § 2(f); In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁷⁸ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁷⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. XII, § 1; In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁸⁰ Id.

²⁸¹ Id.

²⁸² Id.

²⁸³ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁸⁴ Id.

²⁸⁵ Id.

²⁸⁶ Id.

²⁸⁷ Id.

fn288.GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 1; Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁸⁹ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 6: In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jul. 29, 1997) (en banc); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999).

²⁹⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. Art. V. § 3(a); In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jul. 29, 1997) (en banc); Raphael v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 90-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 16, 1996), aff’d, No. 90-01-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Oct. 15, 1999); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

²⁹¹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

²⁹² GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 2; In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jul. 29, 1997) (en banc); Koon v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-067-048-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 3, 1998).

²⁹³ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jul. 29, 1997) (en banc).

²⁹⁴ Id.

²⁹⁵ Winstone v. Old Kent Bank—Grand Traverse, No. 98-04-127-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. February 11, 2000).

²⁹⁶ Williams v. Martell, No.97-01-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 21, 1998); Anderson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-03-114-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jul. 10, 2000); Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

²⁹⁷ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, Feb. 7, 2001, modified, Aug. 27, 2001.

²⁹⁸ De Young v. Southbird, No. 99-11-568-CV-SC (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 6, 2001).

²⁹⁹ Id.

³⁰⁰ Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians v. Grand Traverse Band Hous. Entity, No. 98-07-238-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Aug. 14, 1998).

³⁰¹ TwoCrow v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 94-07-003-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 15, 1996).

³⁰² Id.; Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

³⁰³ Sliger v. Stalmack, No. 99-10-490-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 8, 1999), withdrawn on motion for reconsideration on other grounds, Feb. 14, 2000; Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

³⁰⁴ Fletcher v. Grand Traverse Band Tribal Council, No. 03-05-448-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 8, 2004).

³⁰⁵ Id.

³⁰⁶ Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 22, 2005).

³⁰⁷ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. April 13, 1995).

³⁰⁸ Anderson v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 00-03-114-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July. 10, 2000).

³⁰⁹ Id.

³¹⁰ Yannett v. Grand Traverse Band Econ. Dev. Auth., Inc., No. 93-02-004-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Jan. 22, 2005).

³¹¹ Id.

³¹² De Young v. Southbird, No. 99-11-568-CV-SC (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 6, 2001).

³¹³ Id.

³¹⁴ Tribal Members Advocacy Group v. Tribal Council of the Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 95-03-008 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 13, 1995).

³¹⁵ In re C. [docket number not available], (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 12, 1999); DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 27, 2001).

³¹⁶ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

³¹⁷ Id.

³¹⁸ In re McSauby, No. 97-02-001-CV-JR (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 29, 1997) (en banc).

³¹⁹ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Economic Development Authority, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended on petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

³²⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. V, § 2; In re Russell, No. 96-03-025-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Apr. 2, 1996).

³²¹ Id.

³²² Id.

³²³ Id.

³²⁴ Id.

³²⁵ Id.

³²⁶ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. VI, §§ 1(a), (c), (d), (e), (h), (i), (j), (m), (n), 2, & 3; Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct, June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended by petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

³²⁷ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct, June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended by petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

³²⁸ Id.

³²⁹ Id.

³³⁰ Id.

³³¹ Id.

³³² Id.

³³³ Adams v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians Econ. Dev. Auth., No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct, June 18, 1992), aff’d, No. 89-03-001-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Aug. 19, 1993), amended by petition for reh’g, No. 92-07-002-CV-App (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Mar. 28, 1994).

³³⁴ Id.

³³⁵ Id.

³³⁶ Id.

³³⁷ Id.

³³⁸ D.F. Novak Construction Co. Inc., v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 98-09-321-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct., June 26, 2000), aff’d, No. 00-09-423-APP (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 26, 2001); Turner v. Leelanau Sands Casino, No. 99-11-562-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000).

³³⁹ Shomin v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 92-05-002-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. July 7, 2000).

³⁴⁰ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999), aff’d. in part, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified, Feb. 7, 2001, modified, Aug. 27, 2001; In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁴¹ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999) aff’d in part, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified Feb. 7, 2001; modified Aug. 27, 2001; In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2000).

³⁴² In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁴³ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999), aff’d in part, No. 96-201 (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified Feb. 7, 2001, modified Aug. 27, 2001.

³⁴⁴ Bailey v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 99-08-299-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Nov. 8, 1999).

³⁴⁵ In re M. No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 22, 1999).

³⁴⁶ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. II, § 2; In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁴⁷ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999), aff’d in part, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified Feb. 7, 2001, modified Aug. 27, 2001.

³⁴⁸ 25 U.S.C. § 476(a)(2); In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁴⁹ In re M., No. 92-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁵⁰ GRAND TRAVERSE BAND CONST. art. II § 1(b)(2)(a); In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. May 5, 2004).

³⁵¹ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999), aff’d in part, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified Feb. 7, 2001, modified Aug. 27, 2001.

³⁵² In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Feb. 22, 1999), rev’d, No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Feb. 11, 2000).

³⁵³ DeVerney v. Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa & Chippewa Indians, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Dec. 21, 1999), aff’d in part, No. 96-10-201 (Grand Traverse Band Ct. App. Nov. 15, 2000), modified Feb. 7, 2001, modified Aug. 27, 2001.

³⁵⁴ In re M., No. 97-12-092-CV (Grand Traverse Band Tribal Ct. Oct. 10, 2000).

³⁵⁵ Id.